Magnetic induction based cluster optimization in non-conventional WSNs: A cross layer approach

Conventional Radio Frequency (RF) communication technique is unsuitable for communication in non-conventional media (water, soil, rocks, etc.) because of heavy losses incurred due to dynamic channel characteristics. Magnetic Induction (MI) communication overcomes these losses as it is least affected by such varying channel characteristics. In non-conventional media based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) the deployed sensor nodes cannot replace or replenish their batteries. Thus, energy consumption should be minimized and that can be achieved by clustering process. This process involves data sensing, aggregation and routing to the base station. These sub-tasks are performed under Physical (PHY), Medium Access Control (MAC) and Network (NET) layers of OSI Network model. Having lesser or larger number of clusters has different impact on energy consumption in different layers’ perspective. A large number of clusters decreases energy consumption as per PHY layer whereas it results in increased energy consumption as per MAC and NET layers. Thus, a trade-off is required to minimize the overall energy consumption. To this end, we found an optimal number of clusters considering the simultaneous influence of all three layers. The above analysis is performed for three media viz. sea water, fresh water and dry soil.     

面向球幕投影系统的几何校正方法

摘 要：用于飞行模拟的视景仿真系统，经常会以多台投影仪同步投影以得到较大范围的 视场角。当投影机斜对屏幕或者投影屏幕为曲面时，图像会发生几何失真。针对此问题，本文 提出了一种专门面向球幕投影系统的几何校正方法，并以一个三通道显示系统为实例，详述了 该方法的理论原理以及校正流程。实例结果表明，经几何校正后，各投影图像无几何畸变，通 道过渡处几何内容完全一致。该方法是一种纯软件方法，成本小而且操作简单，能够适应于不 同的投影场景。     

Influence of NO2^- on the Microscopic Structure and Physical Properties of the Binary Nitrate Salts: a Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

Molecular dynamics simulation method was used to study the influence of NO2^- on both the structure and properties of the binary nitrate salts(60 wt.% NaNO3 + 40 wt.% KNO3). The density and viscosity of the mixtures were experimentally measured and the simulation results met well with the experimental ones. The simulation results showed that, with the addition of NO2^-, the ionic clusters tended to loose and the mobilities of all the ions tended to increase. The density, viscosity, and heat capacity decreased while the thermal conductivity increased with the increase of NO2^- concentration. The correlation between the microscopic structure and physical properties of the mixtures were discussed and revealed.     

阴极保护检查片接地电阻数值模拟与实验研究

目的研究阴极保护检查片结构及埋设方式对其接地电阻的影响。方法基于边界元平台建立常用检查片的边界元模型,从检查片形状、裸露面积、壳体大小、埋深和土壤电阻率等方面探讨其对检查片接地电阻的影响及规律,计算了检查片接地电阻在检查片对地总电阻中的比重,并将检查片接地电阻的实验值与边界元模拟结果进行对比。结果随着极化电位负移,检查片接地电阻所占比重增大,最大接近95%。检查片裸露面积从6.5cm~2增加至50cm~2,其接地电阻降低约1/2。同一裸露面积下,圆形检查片接地电阻最大,长方形的最小,两者相差1.7倍左右。当壳体面积为检查片7倍等效圆直径面积时,接地电阻接近最大值,检查片接地电阻随土壤电阻率增大而成倍增加。在单一土壤环境中,检查片埋深在0.2 m以下时,接地电阻变化小于2%。在边界元模拟结果中,0.2 m埋深处,6.5 cm~2圆形检查片接地电阻模拟值比实验值小1.4%,6.5cm~2棒状检查片接地电阻模拟值比实验值小6.3%。结论接地电阻的实验结果与边界元模拟结果具有较好的一致性,模型合理。     

熔盐电解CuO/SiO2制备铜硅合金

以质量比为1∶1的CuO、SiO2混合氧化物为反应原料,熔融的CaCl2-NaCl为电解液,在槽电压2.8 V、电解温度700℃下,电解5 h制备得到Cu3Si/Si复合物。热力学计算结果表明,在700℃下,CuO优先被电解还原生成单质Cu,SiO2在SiO2/CaCl2-NaCl电解质/Cu三相反应界面进行电解还原,生成的单质Si与Cu自发进行合金化反应,生成Cu3Si。新生成的Cu3Si合金作为新的导电集流体,推进SiO2的电解反应。电解产物Cu3Si/Si的微观形貌为粒径在0.1~1.9μm之间的多孔颗粒堆积,Si颗粒覆盖在Cu3Si合金颗粒表面。     

不同进水流速对泵站进水池漩涡的影响

为探究泵站进水流速大小与泵站进水池水流流态、漩涡的产生与发展变化规律,结合泵站实际运行情况,建立引渠、前池、进水池和进水管的泵站物理模型和湍流数学模型,采用VOF模型和非定常的SST k-ω湍流模型对9种不同流速的泵站进水水流特性进行数值模拟,分析不同进水流速的泵站进水池水流流场分布、漩涡涡量的变化及分布规律。研究结果表明:当进水流速为0.322 2～0.564 2 m/s时,泵站表面漩涡的强度随进水流速的增大而增强:当进水流速为0.322 2～0.401 6 m/s时,进水池出现Ⅲ、Ⅳ型漩涡;当进水流速为0.483 5 m/s时,进水池出现Ⅴ型漩涡;当进水流速为0.520 8～0.564 2 m/s时,进水池出现Ⅵ型漩涡。将数值计算结果与模型试验结果进行对比,两者基本吻合。研究结果可为泵站工程设计提供参考。     

Purified high‐sulfur coal as a fuel for direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells

The use of low‐rank coal in a clean and efficient manner is a major challenge facing the current coal technology. A high‐sulfur coal with 4.5 wt% sulfur is chosen to examine the compatibility of the pristine coal and the purified contrast with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with nickel cermet anodes. Desulfurization of the pristine coal is performed by molten caustic leaching method with a removal ratio of 80%. Analyses of the physicochemical properties of coal samples indicate that the purified coal has a more favorable structure and higher Boudouard reactivity, which is suitable as a fuel for fuel cells. The assessment of electrochemical performance reveals that the purification treatment not only makes the peak power density of SOFCs improve from 115 to 221 mW cm^?2 at 900°C but also extends their durability from 1.7 to 11.2 hours under a current density of 50 mA cm^?2 at 850°C with a fuel availability increasing from 6.25% to 40%. The postmortem analyses show that far less deposited carbon and nickel sulfide are observed on the anode surface. The fuel‐based investigation reveals that the purified coal is a promising fuel for direct carbon fuel cells.     

How the geometry of cities determines urban scaling laws

Urban scaling laws relate socio-economic, behavioural and physical variables to the population size of cities. They allow for a new paradigm of city planning and for an understanding of urban resilience and economics. The emergence of these power-law relations is still unclear. Improving our understanding of their origin will help us to better apply them in practical applications and further research their properties. In this work, we derive the basic exponents for spatially distributed variables from fundamental fractal geometric relations in cities. Sub-linear scaling arises as the ratio of the fractal dimension of the road network and of the distribution of the population embedded in three dimensions. Super-linear scaling emerges from human interactions that are constrained by the geometry of a city. We demonstrate the validity of the framework with data from 4750 European cities. We make several testable predictions, including the relation of average height of cities and population size, and the existence of a critical density above which growth changes from horizontal densification to three-dimensional growth.     

动态调湿控温立体针织物拓扑优化设计

为研发具有优良动态调湿控温性能的立体针织物,采用双股70 dtex(72 f)的DRYARN^®纱线与30 dtex DRYARN^®纱线包覆30 dtex氨纶长丝为原料,提出了立体针织物拓扑优化设计方法。通过优化设计各控温单元的排列方式,使控温单元按V字、Y字等斜向错位排列,然后采用单面提花工艺对织物进行局部拉伸与压褶以形成褶皱片状结构。结果表明:当人体流汗时,褶皱片状结构里层吸收汗滴并转移至面层以快速蒸发,当人体感到寒冷时,内部空气通道储藏静止空气有效控温;所制备织物的保温率均大于54%,具有出色的控温性能,整体液态水分传递能力达到3级以上,液态水动态传递性能良好,同时保持优良的拉伸回复性能,为冬季运动保暖内衣用立体针织物的研发提供了新思路。